What is the primary cause of acne?

The primary cause of acne is often linked to hormonal fluctuations leading to increased oil production. During puberty, menstruation, or other hormonal changes, the body produces higher levels of androgens, which are male hormones present in both men and women. These hormones stimulate the sebaceous glands in the skin to produce more sebum, an oily substance. When there is excess sebum, it can mix with dead skin cells and clog pores, which is a key factor in the development of acne.

Increased oil production combined with pore blockage creates an environment that is conducive to the growth of acne-causing bacteria, leading to inflammation and the appearance of acne lesions. This hormonal component is a significant factor in why many individuals experience acne breakouts during specific life stages or hormonal shifts.

While genetic predisposition can influence an individual's susceptibility to acne and dead skin cells contribute to pore blockages, the direct relationship between hormones and oil production plays a more central and definitive role in the onset of acne. Excessive sun exposure can exacerbate skin conditions, but it is not considered a primary cause of acne itself.